Disaggregation apparatus for being used in a multi-group electrical network

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a disaggregation apparatus ( 4 ) for being used in a multi-group electrical network ( 5 ), which comprises multiple electrical groups ( 1, 2, 3 ), each comprising one or more appliances ( 1   1   , 1   2   , 1   3   , 2   1   , 2   2   , 2   3   , 3   1   , 3   2   , 3   3 ). A determination unit ( 7 ) determines an electrical group ( 1, 2, 3 ) comprising an appliance, of which an operational state has been changed, based on first changes in mains voltages (V 1 , V 2 , V 3 ) measured while the operational state change occurs, second and third changes in the mains voltages (V 1 , V 2 , V 3 ) measured while switchable loads ( 1   n   , 2   n   , 3   n ) are switched, and the resistances (R 1n , R 2n , R 3n ) of the switchable loads ( 1   n   , 2   n   , 3   n ). Thus, a misdetection due to an operational state change of an appliance in another electrical group may be avoided and the accuracy of disaggregation may be improved in a multi-group electrical network ( 5 ).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS

This application is the U.S. National Phase application under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2014/062177, filed on Jun. 12, 2014, which claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 13172133.4, filed on Jun. 14, 2013. These applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a disaggregation apparatus, a disaggregation method, and a disaggregation computer program for being used in a multi-group electrical network. The invention relates further to a system comprising the multi-group electrical network and the disaggregation apparatus for being used in the multi-group electrical network.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In WO 2012/038858 A2, a disaggregation apparatus for being used in an electrical network comprising multiple appliances is disclosed, which is based on observing changes in a mains voltage delivered to the appliances of the electrical network. The disaggregation works best if only a single electrical group is present (or active) in the electrical network.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a disaggregation apparatus, a disaggregation method, and a disaggregation computer program for being used in a multi-group electrical network. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a system comprising the multi-group electrical network and the disaggregation apparatus for being used in the multi-group electrical network.

In a first aspect of the present invention, a disaggregation apparatus for being used in a multi-group electrical network, which comprises multiple electrical groups, each comprising one or more appliances, and which is powered by a power source, is presented, wherein the disaggregation apparatus comprises:

-   -   for each electrical group, a voltage meter for measuring a first         change in a mains voltage delivered to the appliances of the         electrical group while an operational state of an appliance is         changed,     -   a control unit for switching, for each electrical group, a         switchable load, wherein, for each electrical group, the voltage         meter is adapted to measure a second change in the mains voltage         while the switchable load of the electrical group is switched,         and wherein, for at least one electrical group, the voltage         meter is adapted to measure a third change in the mains voltage         while the switchable load of another electrical group is         switched, and     -   a determination unit for determining the electrical group         comprising the appliance, of which the operational state has         been changed, based on the measured first changes in the mains         voltages, the measured second changes in the mains voltages, the         measured third change in the mains voltage, and the resistances         of the switchable loads.

It has been found by the inventors that in a multi-group electrical network, because of cross talk between different electrical groups, a change of an operational state of an appliance of one electrical group gives rise to a change in the mains voltage of that electrical group, but may also give rise to (much smaller) changes in the mains voltages of the other groups. For this reason, if a change in the mains voltage is observed with only a single voltage sensor, it is usually not clear whether the change is to be attributed to a change of an operational state of an appliance of that electrical group or to a change of an operational state of an appliance with a much bigger load of another electrical group.

By using the measured first changes in the mains voltages, the measured second changes in the mains voltages, the measured third change in the mains voltage, and the resistances of the switchable loads, the determination unit may be able to avoid a misdetection due to a change of an operational state of an appliance in another electrical group and to improve the accuracy of disaggregation in a multi-group electrical network.

The appliances and the switchable loads are preferentially parallely connected in the electrical groups. The multi-group electrical network preferably comprises an external impedance, part of which may be attributed to a main circuit breaker of the multi-group electrical network, and the electrical groups preferably each comprise their own circuit breaker or fuse, which can be modeled as an internal impedance.

It is preferred that the determination unit is adapted to determine, for each electrical group, a change in a total admittance of the appliances of the electrical group based on the measured first changes in the mains voltages, the measured second changes in the mains voltages, the measured third change in the mains voltage, and the resistances of the switchable loads, and to determine the electrical group comprising the appliance, of which the operational state has been changed, based on the determined changes in the total admittances.

It is further preferred that the determination unit is adapted to determine, for each electrical group, the change in the total admittance based on the measured first changes in the mains voltages, a first ratio of (i) a sum of the external impedance of the multi-group electrical network and the internal impedance of the electrical group and (ii) a voltage supplied by the power source, and a second ratio of (i) the external impedance of the multi-group electrical network and (ii) the voltage supplied by the power source, wherein the first ratio and the second ratio are determined from the measured second changes in the mains voltages, the measured third change in the mains voltage, and the resistances of the switchable loads.

Preferentially, the determination unit is adapted to determine from the measured first changes in the mains voltages first changes in the reciprocal mains voltages, and to determine, for each electrical group, the change in the total admittance based on the first ratio, the second ratio, and the first changes in the reciprocal mains voltages.

The changes in the total admittances are indicative of the respective electrical group comprising the appliance, of which the operational state has been changed.

Preferentially, the determination unit comprises a memory, in which characteristics of the admittances of the appliances of the multi-group electrical network are stored. By comparing the determined changes in total admittances with the stored characteristics, the electrical group comprising the appliance, of which the operational state has been changed, can be determined.

The determination unit may be adapted to determine the changes in the total admittances based on directly solving a system of linear equations.

Additionally or alternatively, the determination unit may comprise a noise estimation unit for estimating first noise levels in the first changes in the reciprocal mains voltages, wherein the determination unit may be adapted to determine the changes in the total admittances further based on the first noise levels as an estimation that minimizes an error criterion, such as a mean square error.

The noise estimation unit may be adapted to further estimate second noise levels in the first ratios and in the second ratio, wherein the determination unit may be adapted to determine the changes in the total admittances further based on the second noise levels as an estimation that minimizes an error criterion, such as a mean square error.

Additionally or alternatively, the determination unit may be adapted to determine the changes in the total admittances based on solving, for each electrical group, a system of linear equations under the assumption that only for this electrical group the change in the total admittance is different from zero, each solution minimizing an error criterion, such as a mean square error, and on selecting the solution that results in the smallest error.

It is preferred that the determination unit is adapted to determine, for each electrical group, from the measured second change in the mains voltage a second change in the reciprocal mains voltage, and to determine the first ratio based on the resistance of the switchable load of the electrical group and the second change in the reciprocal mains voltage. This allows, for each electrical group, determining the first ratio very simple by just switching the switchable load of the electrical group, measuring the second change in the mains voltage, and performing some simple mathematics.

It is further preferred that the determination unit is adapted to determine, for the at least one electrical group, from the measured third change in the mains voltage a third change in the reciprocal mains voltage, and to determine the second ratio based on the resistance of the switchable load of the other electrical group and the third change in the reciprocal mains voltage. This allows determining the second ratio very simple by just switching the switchable load of an electrical group, measuring the second change in the mains voltage of another electrical group, and performing some simple mathematics.

It is preferred that, for each electrical group, the voltage meter is adapted to measure the mains voltage right before and right after the first change in the mains voltage, wherein the determination unit is adapted to determine, for each electrical group, a change in the power consumption based on the squared mains voltage right before or right after the first change in the mains voltage and the change in the total admittance. Thus, the determination unit can not only determine the electrical group comprising the appliance, of which the operational state has been changed, but also the change in power consumption resulting from of this change.

The disaggregation apparatus can comprise the switchable loads. However, the switchable loads can also be any other loads having known resistances. For example, the switchable loads can also be appliances of the multi-group electrical network.

In another aspect of the present invention a system comprising a multi-group electrical network, which comprises multiple electrical groups, each comprising one or more appliances, and which is powered by a power source, and a disaggregation apparatus for being used in the multi-group electrical network as defined in claim 1 is presented.

In another aspect of the present invention a disaggregation method for being used in a multi-group electrical network, which comprises multiple electrical groups, each comprising one or more appliances, and which is powered by a power source, is presented, wherein the disaggregation method comprises:

-   -   for each electrical group, measuring a first change in a mains         voltage delivered to the appliances of the electrical group         while an operational state of an appliance is changed,     -   for each electrical group, measuring a second change in the         mains voltage while the switchable load of the electrical group         is switched,     -   for at least one electrical group, measuring a third change in         the mains voltage while the switchable load of another         electrical group is switched, and     -   determining the electrical group comprising the appliance, of         which the operational state has been changed, based on the         measured first changes in the mains voltages, the measured         second changes in the mains voltages, the measured third change         in the mains voltage, and the resistances of the switchable         loads.

In another aspect of the present invention a disaggregation computer program for being used in a multi-group electrical network, which comprises multiple electrical groups, each comprising one or more appliances, and which is powered by a power source, is presented, the computer program comprising program code means for causing a disaggregation apparatus as defined in claim 1 to carry out the steps of the disaggregation method as defined in claim 14, when the computer program is run on a computer controlling the disaggregation apparatus.

It shall be understood that the disaggregation apparatus of claim 1, the system of claim 13, the disaggregation method of claim 14, and the disaggregation computer program of claim 15 have similar and/or identical preferred embodiments, in particular, as defined in the dependent claims.

It shall be understood that a preferred embodiment of the invention can also be any combination of the dependent claims or above embodiments with the respective independent claim.

These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following drawings:

FIG. 1 shows schematically and exemplarily an embodiment of a disaggregation apparatus for being used in a multi-group electrical network, and

FIG. 2 shows a flowchart exemplarily illustrating an embodiment of a disaggregation method for being used in a multi-group electrical network.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows schematically and exemplarily a system 10 comprising a multi-group electrical network 5 and a disaggregation apparatus 4 for being used in the multi-group electrical network 5. The multi-group electrical network 5 comprises multiple electrical groups 1, 2, 3, each comprising one or more appliances 1 ₁, 1 ₂, 1 ₃, 2 ₁, 2 ₂, 2 ₃, 3 ₁, 3 ₂, 3 ₃, and is powered by a power source 6. In FIG. 1, the elements of the disaggregation apparatus 4 are shaded.

The disaggregation apparatus 4 comprises, for each electrical group 1, 2, 3, a voltage meter 1 ₄, 2 ₄, 3 ₄ for measuring a first change in a mains voltage V₁V₂, V₃ delivered to the appliances 1 ₁, 1 ₂, 1 ₃, 2 ₁, 2 ₂, 2 ₃, 3 ₁, 3 ₂, 3 ₃ of the electrical group 1, 2, 3 while an operational state of an appliance is changed. The disaggregation apparatus 4 further comprises, for each electrical group 1, 2, 3, a switchable load 1, 2 _(n), 3 _(n), wherein, for each electrical group 1, 2, 3, the voltage meter 1 ₄, 2 ₄, 3 ₄ is adapted to measure a second change in the mains voltage V₁, V₂, V₃ while the switchable load 1, 2, 3 of the electrical group 1, 2, 3 is switched, and wherein, for at least one electrical group 1, the voltage meter 1 ₄ is adapted to measure a third change in the mains voltage V₁ while the switchable load 3 _(n) of another electrical group 3 is switched. The disaggregation apparatus 4 further comprises a determination unit 7 for determining the electrical group 1, 2, 3 comprising the appliance, of which the operational state has been changed, based on the measured first changes in the mains voltages V₁, V₂, V₃, the measured second changes in the mains voltages V₁, V₂, V₃, the measured third change in the mains voltage V₁, and the resistances R_(1n), R_(2n), R_(3n) of the switchable loads 1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n). The appliances 1 ₁, 1 ₂, 1 ₃, 2 ₁, 2 ₂, 2 ₃, 3 ₁, 3 ₂, 3 ₃ and the switchable loads 1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n) are parallely connected in the electrical groups 1, 2, 3.

The multi-group electrical network 5, here, comprises an external impedance Z₀, part of which may be attributed to a main circuit breaker (not shown) of the multi-group electrical network 5, and the electrical groups 1, 2, 3 each comprise their own circuit breaker (also not shown), which is modeled as an internal impedance Z₁, Z₂, Z₃. Instead of a circuit breaker, a simple fuse may also be used in some embodiments.

The disaggregation apparatus 4 further comprises a control unit 8 for controlling the elements of the disaggregation apparatus 4, in particular, for controlling the voltage meters 1 ₄, 2 ₄, 3 ₄, the switchable loads 1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n), and the determination unit 7.

In this embodiment, the determination unit 7 is adapted to determine, for each electrical group 1, 2, 3, a change ΔY₃, ΔY₂, ΔY₃ in a total admittance Y₁, Y₂, Y₃ of the appliances 1 ₁, 1 ₂, 1 ₃, 2 ₁, 2 ₂, 2 ₃, 3 ₁, 3 ₂, 3 ₃ of the electrical group 1, 2, 3 based on the measured first changes in the mains voltages V₁, V₂, V₃, the measured second changes in the mains voltages V₁, V₂, V₃, the measured third change in the mains voltage V₁, and the resistances R_(1n), R_(2n), R_(3n) of the switchable loads 2 _(n), 3 _(n), and to determine the electrical group 1, 2, 3 comprising the appliance, of which the operational state has been changed, based on the determined changes ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃ in the total admittances Y₁, Y₂, Y₃.

In particular, the determination unit 7 is adapted to determine, for each electrical group 1, 2, 3, the change ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃ in the total admittance Y₁, Y₂, Y₃ based on the measured first changes in the mains voltages V₁, V₂, V₃, a first ratio of (i) a sum of the external impedance Z₀ of the multi-group electrical network 5 and the internal impedance Z₁, Z₂, Z₃ of the electrical group 1, 2, 3 and (ii) a voltage V₀ supplied by the power source 6, and a second ratio of (i) the external impedance Z₀ of the multi-group electrical network 5 and (ii) the voltage V₀ supplied by the power source 6, wherein the first ratio and the second ratio are determined from the measured second changes in the mains voltages V₁, V₂, V₃, the measured third change in the mains voltage V₁, and the resistances R_(1n), R_(2n), R_(3n) of the switchable loads 1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n).

Preferentially, the determination unit 7 is adapted to determine from the measured first changes in the mains voltages V₁, V₂, V₃ first changes Δ₁(1/V₁), Δ₁(1/V₂), Δ₁(1/V₃) in the reciprocal mains voltages 1/V₁, 1/V₂, 1/V₃, and to determine, for each electrical group 1, 2, 3, the change ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃ in the total admittance Y₁, Y₂, Y₃ based on the first ratio, the second ratio, and the first changes Δ₁(1/V₁), Δ₁(1/V₂), Δ₁(1/V₃), in the reciprocal mains voltages 1/V₁, 1/V₂, 1/V₃, for example, in accordance with the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {{{\Delta_{1}\left( \frac{1}{V_{i}} \right)} \approx {{\frac{Z_{0} + Z_{i}}{V_{0}}\Delta\; Y_{i}} + {\sum\limits_{j \neq i}\;{\frac{Z_{0}}{V_{0}}\Delta\; Y_{j}}}}},} & (1) \end{matrix}$ where the indices i and j relate to the electrical groups 1, 2, 3.

This may also be written in matrix-vector notation as:

$\begin{matrix} {{{\Delta_{1}\left( \frac{1}{V} \right)} \approx {M\;\Delta\; Y}},} & (2) \end{matrix}$ where Δ₁(1/V) is a column vector, in which the first changes Δ₁(1/V_(i)) in the reciprocal mains voltages 1/V_(i) are stacked, M is a matrix with the first ratios (Z₀+Z_(i))/V₀ on the i-th diagonal positions and the second ratio Z₀/V₀ on the off-diagonal positions, and ΔY is a column vector, in which the changes ΔY_(i) in the total admittances Y_(i) are stacked.

In this embodiment, the determination unit 7 is adapted to determine the changes ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃ in the total admittances Y₁, Y₂, Y₃ based on directly solving a system of linear equations, as given, for example, by equation (1) resp. (2).

This direct solution, which is also known as “zero forcing”, provides an estimation of the changes ΔY_(i) in the total admittances Y_(i)—under the assumption that no noise is present in Δ₁(1/V) or M—as follows:

$\begin{matrix} {{{\Delta\;{\hat{Y}}_{i}} = {\frac{V_{0}}{Z_{i}}\left\lbrack {{{\Delta\;}_{1}\left( \frac{1}{V_{i}} \right)} - \frac{\sum\limits_{j}\;{\frac{Z_{0}}{Z_{j}}{\Delta\;}_{1}\left( \frac{1}{V_{j}} \right)}}{1 + {\sum\limits_{j}\;\frac{Z_{0}}{Z_{j}}}}} \right\rbrack}},} & (3) \end{matrix}$ where, again, the indices i and j relate to the electrical groups 1, 2, 3 and where the symbol “^” indicates that a value is estimated.

This may also be written in matrix-vector notation as:

$\begin{matrix} {{{\Delta\;\hat{Y}} = {M^{- 1}{\Delta_{1}\left( \frac{1}{V} \right)}}},} & (4) \end{matrix}$ where ΔŶ is a column vector, in which the estimations of the changes ΔY_(i) in the total admittances Y_(i) are stacked, M is, again, the matrix with the first ratios (Z₀+Z_(i))/V₀ on the i-th diagonal positions and the second ratio Z₀/V₀ on the off-diagonal positions, and Δ₁(1/V) is, again, the column vector, in which the first changes Δ₁(1/V_(i)) in the reciprocal mains voltages 1/V_(i) are stacked.

Additionally or alternatively, the determination unit 7 may comprise a noise estimation unit 9 for estimating first noise levels N in the first changes Δ₁(1/V₁), Δ₁(1/V₂), Δ₁(1/V₃) in the reciprocal mains voltages 1/V₁, 1/V₂, 1/V₃, wherein the determination unit 7 may be adapted to determine the changes ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃ in the total admittances Y₁, Y₂, Y₃ further based on the first noise levels N as an estimation that minimizes an error criterion, such as a mean square error, for example, in accordance with the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {{\Delta\;\hat{Y}} = {{{SM}^{\; T}\left( {{MSM}^{\; T} + N} \right)}^{- 1}{{\Delta_{1}\left( \frac{1}{V} \right)}.}}} & (5) \end{matrix}$

This yields an MMSE (minimum mean square error) estimator of random changes ΔY, in the total admittances Y_(i) with covariance matrix S, where S_(ij)=E[ΔY_(i)ΔY_(j)] is the element on the i-th row and in the j-th column of S, in the presence of noise in the first changes Δ₁(1/V_(i)) in the reciprocal mains voltages 1/V_(i) with estimated covariance matrix N, where N_(ij)=E[n_(i)n_(j)] is the element on the i-th row and in the j-th column of N, and where n_(i) and n_(j) are the estimated measurement noise in Δ₁(1/V_(i)) and Δ₁(1/V_(j)), so that the measured values equal Δ₁(1/V_(i))+n_(i) and Δ₁(1/V_(j))+n_(j).

The estimation of the first noise levels N may be based on estimating, for each electrical group i, the noise level of the mains voltage V_(i) as the variance σ_(i) ² of a number of measurements of the same mains voltage V_(i). The noise level n_(j) of the first change Δ₁(1/V_(i)) in the reciprocal mains voltage 1/V_(i) may then be approximated from σ_(i) ² as 2σ_(i) ²/V_(i) ⁴.

The noise estimation unit 9 may be adapted to further estimate second noise levels W in the first ratios and in the second ratio, wherein the determination unit 7 may be adapted to determine the changes ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃ in the total admittances Y₁, Y₂, Y₃ further based on the second noise levels W as an estimation that minimizes an error criterion, such as a mean square error, for example, in accordance with the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {{\Delta\;\hat{Y}} = {{{SM}^{\; T}\left( {{{MSM}\;}^{T} + N + W} \right)}^{- 1}{{\Delta_{1\;}\left( \frac{1}{V} \right)}.}}} & (6) \end{matrix}$

This yields also an MMSE estimator in the further presence of noise in the first ratios and in the second ratio, i.e., in the elements of M, with estimated covariance matrix W, where W is a diagonal matrix that incorporates the noise variances K_(ij) of the estimation of the elements of M as W_(ij)=δ_(ij)Σ_(k)K_(ik)S_(kk), where δ_(ij) equals 1 if i=j and zero otherwise.

The matrix W may be obtained from the noise of M, here denoted by K, which may be derived from the variances σ_(i) ² of the measured mains voltages V_(i) (see above).

Additionally or alternatively, the determination unit 7 may be adapted to determine the changes ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃ in the total admittances Y₁, Y₂, Y₃ based on solving, for each electrical group 1, 2, 3, a system of linear equations under the assumption that only for this electrical group 1, 2, 3 the change ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃ in the total admittance Y₁, Y₂, Y₃ is different from zero, each solution minimizing an error criterion, such as a mean square error, and on selecting the solution that results in the smallest error, for example, in accordance with the following equations:

$\begin{matrix} {{{\Delta\;{\hat{Y}}_{i}} = \frac{{M\;}_{i}^{T}{\Delta_{1}\left( \frac{1}{V} \right)}}{{M\;}_{i}^{T}M_{i}}},} & (7) \end{matrix}$ where M_(i) is the i-th column of M, and

$\begin{matrix} {{e_{i} = {{{\Delta_{1}\left( \frac{1}{V} \right)} - {M_{i}\Delta\;{\hat{Y}}_{i}}}}},} & (8) \end{matrix}$ where e_(i) is the respective error and ∥•∥ denotes the Euclidean norm of a vector.

For each electrical group 1, 2, 3, the total admittance Y₁, Y₂, Y₃ is the sum of the admittances Y₁₁, Y₁₂, Y₁₃, Y₂₁, Y₂₂, Y₂₃, Y₃₁, Y₃₂, Y₃₃ of the appliances 1 ₁, 1 ₂, 1 ₃, 2 ₁, 2 ₂, 2 ₃, 3 ₁, 3 ₂, 3 ₃ of the electrical group 1, 2, 3. This is indicated in FIG. 1 by the dashed boxes with the reference signs Y₁, Y₂, Y₃. Preferentially, the multi-group electrical network 5 is adapted such that losses in the multi-group electrical network 5 between different appliances 1 ₁, 1 ₂, 1 ₃, 2 ₁, 2 ₂, 2 ₃, 3 ₁, 3 ₂, 3 ₃ are negligible. Moreover, preferentially the voltage V₀ supplied by the power source 6, the external impedance Z₀ of the multi-group electrical network 5, and the internal impedances Z₁, Z₂, Z₃ of the electrical groups 1, 2, 3 are constant.

If an appliance changes its operational state, for example, is switched on or off, the total admittances Y₁, Y₂, Y₃ change, wherein the changes ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃ in the total admittances Y₁, Y₂, Y₃ are, for example, determined in accordance with equation (1) resp. (2).

The determination unit 7 is adapted to determine, for each electrical group 1, 2, 3, from the measured second change in the mains voltage V₁, V₂, V₃ a second change Δ₂(1/V₁), Δ₂(1/V₂), Δ₂(1/V₃) in the reciprocal mains voltage 1/V₁, 1/V₂, 1/V₃, and to determine the first ratio based on the resistance R_(1n)=1Y_(1n), R_(2n)=1Y_(2n)R_(3n)=1Y_(3n) of the switchable load 1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n) of the electrical group 1, 2, 3 and the second change Δ₂(1/V₁), Δ₂(1/V₂), Δ₂(1/V₃), in the reciprocal mains voltage 1/V₁, 1/V₂, 1/V₃, for example, in accordance with the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {{\frac{Z_{0} + Z_{i}}{V_{0}} \approx {\pm \left( {R_{in}{\Delta_{2}\left( {1/V_{i}} \right)}} \right)}},} & (9) \end{matrix}$ where the index i relates to the electrical groups 1, 2, 3 and where the sign “+” indicates that the load is switched on and the sign “−” indicates that the load 1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n) is switched off. Thus, the switchable loads 1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n) are switched on or switched off and the first ratios (Z₀+Z_(i))/V₀ are determined, for example, in accordance with equation (9).

The determination unit 7 is further adapted to determine, for the at least one electrical group 1, from the measured third change in the mains voltage V₁ a third change Δ₃(1/V₁) in the reciprocal mains voltage 1/V₁, and to determine the second ratio based on the resistance R_(3n)=1/Y_(3n) of the switchable load 3 _(n) of the other electrical group 3 and the third change Δ₃(1/V₁) in the reciprocal mains voltage 1/V₁, for example, in accordance with the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {{\frac{Z_{0}}{V_{0}} \approx {\pm \left( {R_{jn}{\Delta_{3}\left( {1/V_{i}} \right)}} \right)}},} & (10) \end{matrix}$ where the indices i and j relate to the electrical groups 1, 2, 3 and i≠j. In this example, i equals 1 and j equals 3. The sign “+” then indicates that the load 3 _(n) is switched on and the sign “−” indicates that the load 3 _(n) is switched off. Thus, the switchable load 3 _(n) is switched on or switched off and the second ratio Z₀/V₀ is determined, for example, in accordance with equation (10).

The disaggregation apparatus 4 can be adapted to switch the switchable loads 1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n), measure the second changes Δ₂(1/V₁), Δ₂(1/V₂), Δ₂(1/V₃) in the reciprocal mains voltages 1/V₁, 1/V₂, 1/V₃, and determine the first ratios (Z₀+Z_(i))/V₀ repeatedly at regular intervals or on demand, for example, on demand of a user, in order to update the determination of the first ratios (Z₀+Z_(i))/V₀. Likewise, the disaggregation apparatus 4 can be adapted to switch the switchable load 3 _(n) of an electrical group 3, measure the third change Δ₃(1/V₁) in the reciprocal mains voltage 1/V₁ of another electrical group 1, and determine the second ratio Z₀/V₀ repeatedly at regular intervals or on demand, for example, on demand of a user, in order to update the determination of the second ratio Z₀/V₀. These updates are particularly preferred if the multi-group electrical network 5 is not very stable and if, thus, these ratios vary.

For each electrical group 1, 2, 3, the voltage meter 1 ₄, 2 ₄, 3 ₄ is preferentially adapted to measure the mains voltage V₁, V₂, V₃ right before and right after the first change in the mains voltage V₁, V₂, V₃, wherein the determination unit 7 is preferentially adapted to determine, for each electrical group 1, 2, 3, a change in the power consumption based on the squared mains voltage V₁, V₂, V₃ right before or right after the first change in a mains voltage V₁, V₂, V₃ and the change ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃ in the total admittance Y₁, Y₂, Y₃, for example, in accordance with the following equation: ΔP_(i)=V_(i) ²ΔY_(i),  (11) where the index i relates to the electrical groups 1, 2, 3 and where V_(i) is the mains voltage right before the first change in the mains voltage V_(i) if the real part of ΔY_(i) is negative, and the mains voltage right after the first change in the mains voltage V_(i), if the real part of ΔY_(i) is positive.

In the following, an embodiment of a disaggregation method for being used in a multi-group electrical network will exemplarily be described with reference to a flowchart shown in FIG. 2.

In step 101, for each electrical group 1, 2, 3, a first change in a mains voltage V₁, V₂, V₃ delivered to the appliances 1 ₁, 1 ₂, 1 ₃, 2 ₁, 2 ₂, 2 ₃, 3 ₁, 3 ₂, 3 ₃ of the electrical group 1, 2, 3 is measured while an operational state of an appliance is changed, in step 102, for each electrical group 1, 2, 3, a second change in the mains voltage V₁, V₂, V₃ is measured while the switchable load 1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n) of the electrical group 1, 2, 3 is switched, in step 103, for at least one electrical group 1, a third change in the mains voltage V₁ is measured while the switchable load 3 _(n) of another electrical group 3 is switched, and in step 104, the electrical group 1, 2, 3 comprising the appliance, of which the operational state has been changed, is determined based on the measured first changes in the mains voltages V₁, V₂, V₃, the measured second changes in the mains voltages V₁, V₂, V₃, the measured third change in the main voltage V₁, and the resistances R_(1n), R_(2n), R_(3n) of the switchable loads 1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n).

Steps 102 and 103 can be performed before step 101, and step 103 can be performed before step 102. In an embodiment, firstly steps 102 and 103 are performed in this order and the ratios (Z₀+Z_(i))/V₀ and Z₀/V₀ are determined, and then steps 101 and 104 are repeatedly performed with the same determined ratios (Z₀+Z_(i))/V₀ and Z₀/V₀ as described above. In the multi-group electrical network is not very stable, steps 102 and 103 can be performed repeatedly at certain time intervals or on demand, in order to update the ratios (Z₀+Z_(i))/V₀ and Z₀/V₀.

The disaggregation apparatus and the disaggregation method are preferentially used for home monitoring and for disaggregating energy usage.

Although in the embodiment described above with reference to FIG. 1, the multi-group electrical network comprises three electrical groups, each comprising three appliances, the multi-group electrical network can, of course, also comprise more or less than three electrical groups and each electrical group can, of course, also comprise more or less than three appliances.

Although in the embodiment described above with reference to FIG. 1, the disaggregation apparatus comprises switchable loads which are controlled by a control unit of the disaggregation apparatus, alternatively, the switchable loads can be elements of the multi-group electrical network, for example, appliances of the multi-group electrical network. Even if the switchable loads are not comprised by the disaggregation apparatus, but by the multi-group electrical network, the control unit is adapted to switch the switchable loads.

Although in the embodiment described above with reference to FIG. 1, the second ratio is determined based on the resistance R_(3n) of the switchable load 3 _(n) of the third electrical group 3 and the third change Δ₃(1/V₁) in the reciprocal mains voltage 1/V₁ of the first electrical group 1, other combinations are possible. For example, the second ratio can be determined based on the resistance R_(2n) of the switchable load 2 _(n) of the second electrical group 2 and the third change Δ₃(1/V₃) in the reciprocal mains voltage 1/V₃ of the third electrical group 3.

Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims.

In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality.

A single unit or device may fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.

Determinations like the determination of the electrical group comprising the appliance, of which the operational state has been changed, the determination of a change in the power consumption of the multi-group electrical network, the determination of the ratios (Z₀+Z_(i))/V₀ and Z₀/V₀, et cetera performed by one or several units or devices can be performed by any other number of units or devices. The determinations and/or the control of the disaggregation apparatus for being used in a multi-group electrical network in accordance with the disaggregation method for being used in a multi-group electrical network can be implemented as program code means of a computer program and/or as dedicated hardware.

A computer program may be stored/distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium, supplied together with or as part of other hardware, but may also be distributed in other forms, such as via the Internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems.

Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.

The invention relates to a disaggregation apparatus for being used in a multi-group electrical network, which comprises multiple electrical groups, each comprising one or more appliances. For each electrical group, a voltage meter measures a first change in a mains voltage delivered to the appliances of the electrical group while an operational state of an appliance is changed, and a second change in the mains voltage while a switchable load of the electrical group is switched. For at least one electrical group, the voltage meter measures a third change in the mains voltage while the switchable load of another electrical group is switched. A determination unit determines the electrical group comprising the appliance, of which the operational state has been changed, based on the measured first changes in the mains voltages, the measured second changes in the mains voltages, the measured third change in the mains voltage, and the resistances of the switchable loads. Thus, a misdetection due to a change of an operational state of an appliance in another electrical group may be avoided and the accuracy of disaggregation may be improved in a multi-group electrical network. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A disaggregation apparatus (4) for being used in a multi-group electrical network (5), which comprises multiple electrical groups (1, 2, 3), each comprising one or more appliances (1 ₁, 1 ₂, 1 ₃, 2 ₁, 2 ₂, 2 ₃, 3 ₁, 3 ₂, 3 ₃), and which is powered by a power source (6), wherein the disaggregation apparatus (4) comprises: for each electrical group (1, 2, 3), a voltage meter (1 ₄, 2 ₄, 3 ₄) for measuring a first change in a mains voltage (V₁, V₂, V₃) delivered to the appliances (1 ₁, 1 ₂, 1 ₃, 2 ₁, 2 ₂, 2 ₃, 3 ₁, 3 ₂, 3 ₃) of the electrical group (1, 2, 3) while an operational state of an appliance is changed, a control unit (8) for switching, for each electrical group (1, 2, 3), a switchable load (1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n)), wherein, for each electrical group (1, 2, 3), the voltage meter (1 ₄, 2 ₄, 3 ₄) is adapted to measure a second change in the mains voltage (V₁, V₂, V₃) while the switchable load (1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n)) of the electrical group (1, 2, 3) is switched, and wherein, for at least one electrical group (1), the voltage meter (1 ₄) is adapted to measure a third change in the mains voltage (V₁) while the switchable load (3 _(n)) of another electrical group (3) is switched, and a determination unit (7) for determining the electrical group (1, 2, 3) comprising the appliance, of which the operational state has been changed, based on the measured first changes in the mains voltages (V₁, V₂, V₃), the measured second changes in the mains voltages (V₁, V₂, V₃), the measured third change in the mains voltage (V₁), and the resistances (R_(1n), R_(2n), R_(3n)) of the switchable loads (1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n)).
 2. The disaggregation apparatus (4) as defined in claim 1, wherein the determination unit (7) is adapted to determine, for each electrical group (1, 2, 3), a change (ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃) in a total admittance (Y₁, Y₂, Y₃) of the appliances (1 ₁, 1 ₂, 1 ₃, 2 ₁, 2 ₂, 2 ₃, 3 ₁, 3 ₂, 3 ₃) of the electrical group (1, 2, 3) based on the measured first changes in the mains voltages (V₁, V₂, V₃), the measured second changes in the mains voltages (V₁, V₂, V₃), the measured third change in the mains voltage (V₁, V₂, V₃), and the resistances (R_(1n), R_(2n), R_(3n)) of the switchable loads (1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n)), and to determine the electrical group (1, 2, 3) comprising the appliance, of which the operational state has been changed, based on the determined changes (ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃) in the total admittances (Y₁, Y₂, Y₃).
 3. The disaggregation apparatus (4) as defined in claim 2, wherein the determination unit (7) is adapted to determine, for each electrical group (1, 2, 3), the change (ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃) in the total admittance (Y₁, Y₂, Y₃) based on the measured first changes in the mains voltages (V₁, V₂, V₃), a first ratio of (i) a sum of an external impedance (Z₀) of the multi-group electrical network (5) and an internal impedance (Z₁, Z₂, Z₃) of the electrical group (1, 2, 3) and (ii) a voltage (V₀) supplied by the power source (6), and a second ratio of (i) the external impedance (Z₀) of the multi-group electrical network (5) and (ii) the voltage (V₀) supplied by the power source (6), wherein the first ratio and the second ratio are determined from the measured second changes in the mains voltages (V₁, V₂, V₃), the measured third change in the mains voltage (V₁), and the resistances (R_(1n), R_(2n), R_(3n)) of the switchable loads (1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n)).
 4. The disaggregation apparatus (4) as defined in claim 3, wherein the determination unit (7) is adapted to determine from the measured first changes in the mains voltages (V₁, V₂, V₃) first changes (Δ₁(1/V₁), Δ₁(1/V₂), Δ₁(1/V₃)) in the reciprocal mains voltages (1/V₁, 1/V₂, 1/V₃), and to determine, for each electrical group (1, 2, 3), the change (ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃) in the total admittance (Y₁, Y₂, Y₃) based on the first ratio, the second ratio, and the first changes (Δ₁(1/V₁), Δ₁(1/V₂), Δ₁(1/V₃)) in the reciprocal mains voltages (1/V₁, 1/V₂, 1/V₃).
 5. The disaggregation apparatus (4) as defined in claim 4, wherein the determination unit (7) is adapted to determine the changes (ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃) in the total admittances (Y₁, Y₂, Y₃) based on directly solving a system of linear equations.
 6. The disaggregation apparatus (4) as defined in claim 4, wherein the determination unit (7) comprises: a noise estimation unit (9) for estimating first noise levels (N) in the first changes (Δ₁(1/V₁), Δ₁(1/V₂), Δ₁(1/V₃)) in the reciprocal mains voltages (1/V₁, 1/V₂, 1/V₃), wherein the determination unit (7) is adapted to determine the changes (ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃) in the total admittances (Y₁, Y₂, Y₃) further based on the first noise levels (N) as an estimation that minimizes an error criterion.
 7. The disaggregation apparatus (4) as defined in claim 6, wherein the noise estimation unit (7) is adapted to further estimate second noise levels (W) in the first ratios and in the second ratio, wherein the determination unit (7) is adapted to determine the changes (ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃) in the total admittances (Y₁, Y₂, Y₃) further based on the second noise levels (W) as an estimation that minimizes an error criterion.
 8. The disaggregation apparatus (4) as defined in claim 4, wherein the determination unit (7) is adapted to determine the changes (ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃) in the total admittances (Y₁, Y₂, Y₃) based on solving, for each electrical group (1, 2, 3), a system of linear equations under the assumption that only for this electrical group (1, 2, 3) the change (ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃) in the total admittance (Y₁, Y₂, Y₃) is different from zero, each solution minimizing an error criterion, and on selecting the solution that results in the smallest error.
 9. The disaggregation apparatus (4) as defined in claim 4, wherein the determination unit (7) is adapted to determine, for each electrical group (1, 2, 3), from the measured second change in the mains voltage (V₁, V₂, V₃) a second change (Δ₂(1/V₁), Δ₂(1/V₂), Δ₂(1/V₃)) in the reciprocal mains voltage (1/V₁, 1/V₂, 1/V₃), and to determine the first ratio based on the resistance (R_(1n), R_(2n), R_(3n)) of the switchable load (1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n)) of the electrical group (1, 2, 3) and the second change (Δ₂(1/V₁), Δ₂(1/V₂), Δ₂(1/V₃)) in the reciprocal mains voltage (1/V₁, 1/V₂, 1/V₃).
 10. The disaggregation apparatus (4) as defined in claim 4, wherein the determination unit (7) is adapted to determine, for the at least one electrical group (1), from the measured third change in the mains voltage (V₁) a third change (Δ₃(1/V₁)) in the reciprocal mains voltage (1/V₁), and to determine the second ratio based on the resistance (R_(3n)) of the switchable load (3 _(n)) of the other electrical group (3) and the third change (Δ₃(1/V₁)) in the reciprocal mains voltage (1/V₁).
 11. The disaggregation apparatus (4) as defined in claim 2, wherein, for each electrical group (1, 2, 3), the voltage meter (1 ₄, 2 ₄, 3 ₄) is adapted to measure the mains voltage (V₁, V₂, V₃) right before and right after the first change in the mains voltage (V₁, V₂, V₃), wherein the determination unit (7) is adapted to determine, for each electrical group (1, 2, 3), a change in the power consumption based on the squared mains voltage (V₁, V₂, V₃) right before or right after the first change in the mains voltage (V₁, V₂, V₃) and the change (ΔY₁, ΔY₂, ΔY₃) in the total admittance (Y₁, Y₂, Y₃).
 12. The disaggregation apparatus (4) as defined in claim 1, wherein the disaggregation apparatus (4) comprises the switchable loads (1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n)).
 13. A system (10) comprising a multi-group electrical network (5), which comprises multiple electrical groups (1, 2, 3), each comprising one or more appliances (1 ₁, 1 ₂, 1 ₃, 2 _(i), 2 ₂, 2 ₃, 3 ₁, 3 ₂, 3 ₃), and which is powered by a power source (6), and a disaggregation apparatus (4) for being used in the multi-group electrical network (5) as defined in claim
 1. 14. A disaggregation method for being used in a multi-group electrical network (5), which comprises multiple electrical groups (1, 2, 3), each comprising one or more appliances (1 ₁, 1 ₂, 1 ₃, 2 _(i), 2 ₂, 2 ₃, 3 _(i), 3 ₂, 3 ₃), and which is powered by a power source (6), wherein the disaggregation method comprises: for each electrical group (1, 2, 3), measuring a first change in a mains voltage (V₁, V₂, V₃) delivered to the appliances (1 ₁, 1 ₂, 1 ₃, 2 _(i), 2 ₂, 2 ₃, 3 _(i), 3 ₂, 3 ₃) of the electrical group (1, 2, 3) while an operational state of an appliance is changed, for each electrical group (1, 2, 3), measuring a second change in the mains voltage (V₁, V₂, V₃) while the switchable load (1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n)) of the electrical group (1, 2, 3) is switched, for at least one electrical group (1), measuring a third change in the mains voltage (V₁) while the switchable load (3 _(n)) of another electrical group (3) is switched, and determining the electrical group (1, 2, 3) comprising the appliance, of which the operational state has been changed, based on the measured first changes in the mains voltages (V₁, V₂, V₃), the measured second changes in the mains voltages (V₁, V₂, V₃), the measured third change in the mains voltage (V₁), and the resistances (R_(1n), R_(2n), R_(3n)) of the switchable loads (1 _(n), 2 _(n), 3 _(n)).
 15. A disaggregation computer program for being used in a multi-group electrical network (5), which comprises multiple electrical groups (1, 2, 3), each comprising one or more appliances (1 ₁, 1 ₂, 1 ₃, 2 _(i), 2 ₂, 2 ₃, 3 _(i), 3 ₂, 3 ₃), and which is powered by a power source (6), the computer program comprising program code means for causing a disaggregation apparatus to carry out the steps of the disaggregation method as defined in claim 14, when the computer program is run on a computer controlling the disaggregation apparatus (4). 